Update doctest to version 2.4.12 (#1896) #4718

Job	Run time
codespell	26s
examples_clang-format	16s
macos-15_clang++_cxx17_debug_preview=ON	7m 54s
macos-13_clang++_cxx20_release_preview=ON-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF	27m 16s
ubuntu-22.04_g++_cxx17_release_preview=ON	16m 41s
ubuntu-latest_g++_cxx14_relwithdebinfo_preview=OFF	21m 30s
ubuntu-24.04-arm_clang++_cxx20_release_preview=ON	14m 17s
ubuntu-24.04-arm_g++-14_cxx20_debug_preview=ON	12m 58s
macos-14_clang++_cxx14_relwithdebinfo_preview=ON	11m 56s
windows_cl2022_cxx14_relwithdebinfo_preview=ON	17m 3s
ubuntu-22.04-arm_g++_cxx20_release_preview=ON-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF	19m 3s
examples_windows_cl2022_cxx17_relwithdebinfo_preview=OFF	5m 57s
windows_11_arm_cl2022_cxx20_release_preview=ON-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF	19m 42s
python_module_test_ubuntu_latest	50s
examples_windows_11_arm_cl2022_cxx14_relwithdebinfo_preview=ON	7m 50s
windows_cl2022_cxx17_relwithdebinfo_preview=OFF	16m 20s
examples_macos-15_clang++_cxx14_relwithdebinfo_preview=ON	2m 48s
doc_examples_ubuntu-latest_g++_cxx20_relwithdebinfo	1m 3s
examples_ubuntu-latest_g++_cxx14_relwithdebinfo_preview=OFF	4m 10s
examples_ubuntu-22.04_g++_cxx17_release_preview=ON	3m 47s
doc_examples_windows-2022_cl_cxx20_relwithdebinfo	1m 53s
copyright_check	0s
examples_ubuntu-24.04_g++_cxx20_debug_preview=ON	5m 0s
documentation	-1s
pages	0s
	3h 38m 39s

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